Exploring Japanese oiran, Heian period courtesans, and the thirty-six arts of pleasure
In the candlelit chambers of medieval Japan and China, there existed a class of women who were far more than what history often remembers them as. These were the oiran (花魁)—the highest-ranking courtesans who were skilled artists, musicians, poets, and keepers of secrets. They lived in the famed pleasure quarters (yoshiwara), occupying the space between the forbidden and the celebrated.
The Middle Time (中世): Golden Age of Courtly Culture
The term "Middle Time" refers to a golden era in East Asian history—roughly from the Heian period in Japan (794-1185) through the Song dynasty in China (960-1279)—when courtly culture flourished and the arts of pleasure were elevated to sophisticated practices.
This was when pillow books (枕草子, makura no sōshi) were first commissioned, when the art of conversation was as prized as the art of calligraphy, and when intimate companionship was understood as a path to both pleasure and enlightenment. The Tale of Genji, written during this period by Murasaki Shikibu, offers detailed insights into this world of courtly love and sophisticated rituals.
The Thirty-Six Arts (San-jū-roku-ban)
The Japanese courtesans and oiran were women of extraordinary accomplishment. They mastered the san-jū-roku-ban—the thirty-six arts that transformed an evening's entertainment into a multi-sensory experience. A single night might begin with a shared haiku, continue through a chamber music performance on the koto and shamisen, and culminate in conversations that could last until dawn.
The Thirty-Six Arts Included:
• Tea ceremony (sadō)
• Flower arranging (ikebana)
• Calligraphy (shodō)
• Poetry composition (waka, haiku)
• Incense appreciation (kōdō)
• Koto and shamisen music
• Classical dance
• Sewing and needlework
• Chess (Go) and shogi
• Etiquette and social graces
• The art of conversation
• Seasonal knowledge
• The art of dressing
• Arts of pleasure and connection
"The moon has set, but the night is yet young, and our conversation has only begun to flower."
Secret Knowledge: Shunga and Pillow Books
These companions of the night were the keepers of knowledge that existed nowhere else. They understood the geometry of pleasure, cataloged in the illustrated manuals known as shunga (春画, "spring pictures"). These erotic woodblock prints, created by renowned ukiyo-e masters like Hokusai and Utamaro, were treasured by couples as wedding gifts and believed to bring good fortune.
They knew which perfumes to wear in which season, which poems to whisper at which hour, and how to transform a simple meeting into an encounter that might be remembered for a lifetime. Their clients were not merely seeking physical release—they were seeking connection in a world where genuine intimacy was rare. In the rigid hierarchies of feudal society, the pleasure quarters offered a space where masks could be set aside.
Legacy in Art and Literature
Today, we glimpse this world through the art they left behind. The Tale of Genji, often called the world's first novel, offers detailed portraits of courtly love and the sophisticated rituals of companionship in Heian Japan. The ukiyo-e prints of the Edo period preserve moments of tender connection in vivid detail.
Sei Shōnagon's The Pillow Book (Makura no Sōshi), while not an erotic manual, provides invaluable insights into the sensibilities and aesthetic preferences of Heian court women. These texts—hand-painted on silk scrolls—continue to inspire and enlighten readers today.
Oiran vs Geisha: Understanding the Difference
A common question is the difference between oiran and geisha. While both were highly skilled female entertainers, key differences existed:
Oiran (Courtesans)
• Lived in pleasure quarters (yoshiwara)
• Offered sexual services
• Wore elaborate, heavy attire
• Distinctive high hairstyles
• Peak period: Edo era (1603-1867)
Geisha (Artists)
• Entertainers, not courtesans
• Primarily artistic performances
• More understated dress
• Distinctive white makeup
• Emerged in late 18th century
A Living Tradition
Though the world has changed dramatically since those golden ages, something of that spirit persists. The understanding that pleasure is worthy of study, that intimacy is an art form, and that connection between human beings remains the deepest treasure of all—these lessons from the companions of the Middle Time continue to resonate. Modern interpretations of these ancient arts can be found in everything from contemporary tea ceremonies to the continuing practice of ikebana and the appreciation of shunga as legitimate art in museums worldwide.
Topics covered in this article:
Japanese OiranHeian PeriodThirty-Six ArtsPillow BooksShunga ArtCourtesan HistoryEast Asian Culture
Frequently Asked Questions
What were the thirty-six arts of Japanese courtesans?
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The thirty-six arts (san-jū-roku-ban) that Japanese oiran and courtesans mastered included tea ceremony, flower arranging (ikebana), calligraphy, poetry composition, incense appreciation, playing the koto and shamisen, dance, sewing, chess (Go), shogi, etiquette, conversation, seasonal knowledge, the art of dressing, and various arts of pleasure and connection.
What is the difference between oiran and geisha?
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Oiran were the highest-class courtesans of pre-modern Japan who lived and worked in pleasure quarters (yoshiwara), entertaining clients through both sexual services and artistic skills. Geisha, who emerged later in the late 18th century, were primarily entertainers who specialized in arts like music and dance, and did not typically offer sexual services. Oiran wore elaborate, heavy attire and distinctive high hairstyles, while geisha attire was more understated with characteristic white makeup.
What are Japanese pillow books?
▼
Pillow books (makura no sōshi) were intimate illustrated manuals from feudal Japan that taught couples about erotic arts and sexual positions. These were hand-painted works of art that celebrated physical pleasure within Japanese aesthetics. The most famous example is Sei Shōnagon's The Pillow Book from the Heian period (c. 1000), though it was more of a personal diary and observations of court life rather than an erotic manual.
What is shunga art?
▼
Shunga (春画, meaning 'spring pictures') is Japanese erotic art created by famous ukiyo-e masters including Hokusai and Utamaro. These woodblock prints depicted sexual acts and were treasured by couples as wedding gifts, believed to bring good fortune and protection. Unlike Western erotic art of the same period, shunga emphasized mutual pleasure and emotional connection between partners, celebrating desire as natural and beautiful.
Historical Fiction
The Geisha's Secret Garden
A tale of desire and discretion in old Kyoto
Under the cherry blossoms of old Kyoto, where whispers carried more weight than promises, Yuki's fingers traced patterns on the silk fan that concealed more than it revealed. It was the fourth month of Bunsei era, 1819, and in the narrow streets of Miyagawa-chō, the geisha district that lay in the shadow of Gion, secrets bloomed like the sakura itself—beautiful, transient, and utterly devastating.
"A geisha's heart is like a garden hidden behind high walls. What grows there—what truly grows there—is known only to those who possess the key."
The Arrangement
Yuki was twenty-three, already renowned in the tea houses of Miyagawa-chō for her shamisen playing and the particular melancholy of her dance. Her patrons—merchants, samurai, the occasional wayward monk—would speak of how she moved like willow in wind, how her voice held the quality of rain on temple tiles. But what they never spoke of, what could not be spoken of in polite company, was the garden.
Tucked behind her okiya, through a gate so narrow it seemed designed to discourage entry, lay a garden no guest had ever seen. Here, Yuki cultivated not flowers but memories—the stolen touches, the forbidden glances, the words exchanged in the spaces between formalities. In this garden, beneath a maple that turned flame-red each autumn, she kept the parts of herself that the floating world would pay for but never truly possess.
The Stranger
Then came the merchant from Osaka, a man named Kenji who dealt in silk and spoke with the quiet deliberation of someone accustomed to being heard. He did not arrive with grand gestures or overflowing purse. He came to her first through music—requesting a particular komonjo melody so ancient that even Yuki's teacher had struggled to recall its notes. When she played it, eyes closed, fingers finding their way across the shamisen strings by memory and longing, she opened them to find him watching her with an expression that terrified her more than any desire she had known.
He was not looking at her as men looked at geisha—as objects to be admired, enjoyed, forgotten. He was looking as if he recognized something in her that she had spent years trying to hide.
From Yuki's Pillow Book
"He asked me what I thought of when I played the autumn songs. I told him: 'I think of leaves falling, of the impermanence of beauty.' He nodded and said, 'And when no one is watching? What do you think of then?' In thirty years of training, in all the arts I have mastered—tea, incense, dance, conversation—no one has ever asked me what lives in the spaces between performances."
The Garden Revealed
What followed was not what the stories promised. There were no midnight trysts, no scandalous disappearances. Instead there were letters—hundreds of them—exchanged through intermediaries, carried in the sleeves of unlikely messengers. Kenji wrote of the silk trade, of the sea at Osaka, of mundane matters that somehow, through his penning, became profound. Yuki wrote of the garden, of the maple tree, of the dream she kept having where she walked out of the okiya and simply continued walking until she reached the sea.
Six months passed. Then twelve. The arrangement became known in certain circles as "the autumn correspondence"—a thing of quiet beauty, of letters tied with red thread and stored in wooden boxes, of a geisha and a merchant who had discovered, in each other, something rarer than passion: recognition.
The Choice
In the third year, Kenji came to her with a proposition. He had purchased a house in a quiet district of Kyoto, far from the pleasure quarters. He had money, he said quietly. He had position. If she wished it—if she truly wished it—he would arrange everything: the purchase of her contract, the establishment of a household, the life that women in her position rarely dared to dream of.
Yuki stood in her secret garden, beneath the maple tree that held all her secrets, and understood the terrible weight of the question he was asking. Not "do you love me"—that would have been simple. But "do you love yourself enough to become something else?"
The stories all end the same way: the geisha escapes, the merchant proves his devotion, they live happily in the house he has built. But Yuki's story was different. Because Yuki understood something that the tellers of such stories never accounted for: that the garden she had cultivated, the self she had forged in the spaces between what others desired and what she dared to want, could not be transplanted. It had grown in the soil of her particular life, in the climate of constraint and creation that only the floating world could provide.
What Remains
She refused him. Gently, with the grace that had made her famous, with the terrible courtesy of her training. She explained that the woman he loved—the one he had written to, the one who had written back—existed only in the garden behind the okiya, in the letters they exchanged, in the impossible space between what was and what could never be.
Kenji returned to Osaka. He married, eventually, a woman from a good family. They had children. He was, by all accounts, happy. And Yuki? Yuki became one of the most respected geisha of her generation, renowned for the depth of her art, for the way her performances seemed to draw from some well beyond technique or training.
What no one knew—not her sister geisha, not her devoted patrons, not even the mother of the okiya who had raised her from age seven—was that in her secret garden, beneath the maple tree, she had buried a small wooden box. Inside were not letters from Kenji, not mementos of their impossible correspondence, but something else entirely: a single maple leaf, pressed between paper so thin it was nearly transparent, and a note in her own hand:
"He asked me to leave with him.
What he didn't understand was that I already had.
Every letter, every word between us—
that was the leaving.
That was the life."
Yuki died at sixty-two, surrounded by respect and admiration, her name recorded in the annals of Kyoto's most celebrated geisha. The garden was paved over within a year. The okiya became a restaurant. But if you walk through certain streets of Miyagawa-chō on autumn evenings, when the maples burn red and the wind carries the scent of incense and memory, some say you can still hear it—the sound of a shamisen, playing a melody so ancient that no one can quite recall its name, and beneath it, the whisper of a woman's voice, practicing a speech she never delivered, to a man who understood her better than she understood herself.
In the end, perhaps that is what all such stories are: not documents of what happened, but maps of what almost did. Gardens we visit in dreams, carrying keys that fit locks we're no longer certain exist.
Historical Context:
Set during the late Edo period (Bunsei era, 1818-1830), this story reflects the complex social dynamics of geisha culture in Kyoto's pleasure districts. While geisha were renowned for their artistic accomplishments, their personal lives were constrained by strict contracts and social expectations. The Miyagawa-chō district, located near Gion, was one of Kyoto's authorized geisha neighborhoods, home to women who mastered traditional arts while navigating the delicate balance between public performance and private desire.
Historical FictionEdo PeriodKyotoGeisha Culture
Modern Romance
Neon Lights, Hidden Desires
Where modern desire meets ancient tradition
Rain fell on Shinjuku like confetti at a funeral, each drop catching the neon signs before shattering on the pavement below. Takeshi Yamamoto, thirty-four, systems architect, occasional existentialist, and veteran of three failed omiai, stood beneath the red lantern of an izakaya he'd passed a thousand times but never entered. The sign above the door read: "Tea Ceremony & Whispers"—a combination that seemed calculated to attract exactly no one.
"In a city of millions, we are all alone together. But sometimes, if you're lucky, you find someone who knows how to be alone with you."
The Narrow Door
He shouldn't have gone in. He had a presentation due, a train to catch, a life that could be measured in the efficient intervals between subway stops. But something about the rain, or perhaps the particular shade of red the lantern cast on the wet pavement, made Takeshi push through the narrow door into a space that seemed to exist outside of time.
Inside, the world transformed. No fluorescent lights, no screens, none of the relentless illumination that made Tokyo feel like a city that never slept because it was afraid of what it might dream in the dark. Instead, there was candlelight—real candles, not the LED approximation favored by theme bars—and the scent of incense that reminded him of his grandmother's house, of summers in Kyoto, of a Japan that existed before convenience and efficiency became the highest virtues.
And there, kneeling on a tatami that had seen better decades, arranging flowers with the concentration of a bomb defusal expert, was a woman who made him forget why he'd come in.
The Tea Master
Her name was Emi, she would tell him later, though for now she was simply the arrangement of her hands—slender, precise, moving with the deliberation of someone who understood that every gesture carried meaning. She didn't look up when he entered, didn't acknowledge his presence with the manufactured welcome of service workers everywhere. She continued arranging the chrysanthemums, and Takeshi, for reasons he couldn't articulate, found himself standing motionless, watching, as the rain outside created a rhythm that matched something inside him he'd forgotten was there.
"You're wet," she said, finally looking up. Her eyes were the color of roasted tea, warm and unreadable.
"It's raining," he replied, and immediately wanted to disappear. The salaryman's curse—the inability to say anything that wasn't literal, useful, or utterly devoid of poetry.
She smiled—a small, private expression that seemed to acknowledge both his awkwardness and something else, something deeper. "I have tea. And towels. And if you stay long enough, stories."
From the Guest Book
"Emi performs tea ceremony the way most of us breathe—as if it's both necessary and unconscious, as if the careful folding of the silk fukusa, the precise whisking of matcha, the turning of the bowl to show its beauty to the guest, are all movements as natural as a heartbeat. But what she understands, what she truly understands, is that tea ceremony was never about the tea. It was about creating a moment that could hold everything that couldn't be said."
The Lessons
What followed was not what Takeshi expected. There was no romantic music, no meaningful glances across candles, none of the choreography of intimacy he'd learned from dramas and disappointment. Instead, there was tea—thick, bitter, whisked to the color of jade and served with a precision that made him feel clumsy in his own skin.
"Tell me," Emi said, after he'd finished the bowl, after he'd made the requisite sounds of appreciation, after the silence had stretched to something approaching uncomfortable, "when was the last time you felt something?"
The question landed like a stone in still water. Ripples expanded outward, disturbing everything he thought he knew about himself. "I feel things," he said, defensive and hating himself for it. "My job. My family. I have responsibilities—"
"Responsibilities aren't feelings. They're requirements. There's a difference." She poured more tea, the hot water sounding like rain on a different roof. "I didn't ask what you do. I asked what you feel. When was the last time something moved you? When was the last time you allowed yourself to be moved?"
The Correspondence
He came back the next week. And the week after. What began as tea ceremony evolved into something else—not exactly lessons, not exactly therapy, not exactly friendship, but something that contained elements of all three and refused to be contained by any of them.
Emi taught him the art of ma—the pregnant pause, the meaningful space between action and reaction. She taught him that in traditional Japanese aesthetics, what is left unsaid is often more important than what is spoken. She taught him about wabi-sabi—the beauty of imperfection, of transience, of things that are precious precisely because they cannot last.
"Your problem," she told him once, as they sat surrounded by maps of a city that had existed in layers—the Edo-era alleys beneath the Showa-era buildings beneath the neon smear of contemporary Tokyo—"your problem is that you think intimacy is something you achieve. Like a goal you can reach if you work hard enough, follow the right steps, optimize your approach. But intimacy isn't achieved. It's surrendered to."
"I don't know how to surrender," he admitted, and the admission felt like tearing something out of himself. "I only know how to perform. To achieve. To become."
She nodded, as if he'd said something wise instead of pathetic. "Then perhaps you need to learn the art of unbecoming. Of subtracting until only what remains is what's real."
The Night of the Typhoon
Typhoon season found them together in the tea house, wind howling outside like a denied request, rain horizontal and relentless. The trains had stopped. The city had shuttered. But Emi's door was open, and Takeshi, soaked to the bone and shaking from something that wasn't entirely cold, stepped across the threshold into the only place that felt like home.
They didn't speak of it. The thing that had been growing between them for months—the awareness that hummed beneath every conversation, the careful distance that somehow felt like an embrace, the way each knew what the other was thinking before thoughts could be translated into the clumsy currency of words.
She made tea. He watched her hands. Outside, the world tried to tear itself apart. Inside, something quietly, inexorively, came together.
"My grandmother," Emi said, setting the bowl before him with the formal precision that had become their language, "taught me that tea ceremony is about ichigo ichie—one time, one meeting. Each encounter is unique, unrepeatable. Even if we meet a thousand times, this particular moment will never happen again. So you must give it everything. You must be entirely present, because this moment—this exact configuration of souls and weather and tea and light—will never exist again."
Takeshi lifted the bowl, turned it in his hands as she'd taught him, drank in three deliberate sips. The tea was bitter, earthy, complicated. It tasted like surrender.
"If this moment is unrepeatable," he said, setting down the bowl, "then what happens next?"
She didn't answer with words. She reached across the table, her fingers finding his with the same precision she arranged flowers, the same deliberation she folded silk. Her touch was light, almost not there, and the quality of her attention made him feel seen in a way he'd never experienced—not by parents, not by lovers, not by the endless succession of people who'd looked at him without ever truly seeing him.
"What she taught me wasn't tea ceremony.
It was how to be alive.
How to let the world in without losing yourself.
How to touch without grasping,
love without possessing,
desire without demanding."
What Cannot Be Kept
There is a version of this story where they live happily ever after, where the salaryman leaves his efficient life for the tea master, where they open a shop in some quiet corner of Kyoto and age together beneath maple trees, serving tea to tourists and locals alike, growing old in the way that Japanese poets write about—beautiful, autumnal, complete.
This is not that story.
What actually happened was both more ordinary and more profound. Takeshi went back to his job, his routines, his life measured in subway stops and quarterly deliverables. Emi kept her tea house, her narrow door, her silent invitation to anyone who knew how to read it. They saw each other, sometimes. They wrote letters—actual letters, on paper, sent through a postal system that felt increasingly anachronistic with each passing year.
But something had changed. Takeshi found himself moving differently through the world. He noticed things he'd never noticed before—the way light fell through train windows at sunset, the particular quality of silence in empty office corridors, the moments between tasks when he was neither achieving nor performing but simply being. He started writing again, something he hadn't done since university. He took photographs—intentional, careful photographs of small things: a single leaf on pavement, steam rising from coffee, the arrangement of shadows in his apartment at different hours.
"You're still searching," Emi wrote him, two years after the typhoon, in a letter that arrived on a Tuesday morning and changed the week's weather. "But you're searching differently now. Before, you searched for answers. Now you search for questions."
The Last Lesson
Five years after their first meeting, Takeshi returned to the tea house to find it closed. A note on the door explained that Emi had returned to Kyoto to care for her grandmother. The tea house would reopen, eventually, under different ownership. But her door would not be there.
He stood in the rain—not a typhoon this time, just ordinary Tokyo rain, persistent and grey—and understood what she'd been teaching him all along. The lesson wasn't about tea, or tradition, or even intimacy. It was about something both simpler and more radical.
She had taught him how to be present. How to exist in a moment without constantly reaching for the next one. How to let things in without trying to keep them. How to touch without grasping, love without possessing, desire without demanding. She had taught him that the most radical thing you can do in a city built for efficiency is to be inefficient with your attention. To give it fully, recklessly, to whatever is in front of you.
Takeshi Yamamoto, thirty-nine, systems architect, occasional existentialist, and veteran of three failed omiai and one impossible correspondence, stood in the rain and didn't reach for his phone, didn't check the time, didn't calculate his route to the next obligation. He simply stood there, feeling the cold water on his face, and allowed himself to feel something.
He felt gratitude. He felt grief. He felt the particular ache of something that was beautiful precisely because it couldn't last.
And then, because he had learned something of the art of unbecoming, he let himself feel something else: hope. Not the naive optimism of his younger self, not the transactional hope that if he performed correctly he would be rewarded, but something quieter—hope as a practice, as a discipline, as a way of moving through the world with your heart open even when you have every reason to close it.
Somewhere in Kyoto, Emi pours tea for her grandmother. Somewhere in Tokyo, Takeshi Yamamoto stands in the rain and remembers the art of surrender. And in the space between them, in the invisible geography of connection that maps all the lives we've touched and all the lives that have touched us, something continues to grow—not kept, not possessed, but real nonetheless.
Ichigo ichie. One time, one meeting. Each moment unrepeatable. Each encounter precious precisely because it cannot last.
Cultural Context:
This story explores the concept of ichigo ichie (一期一会), a fundamental principle in Japanese tea ceremony meaning "one time, one meeting"—the idea that each encounter is unique and unrepeatable, and thus should be treasured. It also touches on ma (間)—the Japanese concept of negative space or pause—and wabi-sabi (侘寂), the acceptance of transience and imperfection. Set in contemporary Tokyo, the story contrasts modern urban alienation with traditional practices of presence and connection.
Modern RomanceTokyoTea CeremonyIchigo Ichie
More Stories Coming Soon
The Pillow Book of a Seoul Night
"In the Joseon dynasty, a noblewoman's secret poetry revealed desires that could never be spoken aloud. Five centuries later, her words ignite a modern romance..."
Historical FictionSeoulComing Soon
Cultural Insights
Did You Know?
In feudal Japan, "pillow books" (枕草子, makura no sōshi) were intimate illustrated manuals that taught couples about erotic arts and sexual positions. These weren't just instructional—they were works of art that celebrated the beauty of physical pleasure within the context of Japanese aesthetics and spirituality.
Korean Secret Poetry
In Korea's Joseon dynasty, aristocratic women would write secret poetry about their desires, hiding erotic meaning within seemingly innocent verses about nature and seasonal changes. These coded expressions allowed them to explore and share their intimate thoughts in a repressive society.
The Art of Shunga
Japanese erotic art known as shunga (春画, "spring pictures") was created by some of the most famous ukiyo-e masters, including Hokusai and Utamaro. Far from being considered pornography, these woodblock prints were treasured by couples as wedding gifts and were believed to bring good fortune and protection to relationships.
The art form emphasized mutual pleasure and emotional connection, often depicting both partners' satisfaction—a stark contrast to Western erotic art of the same period. Shunga celebrated desire as natural, beautiful, and worthy of artistic expression.